ISSN 1006-3021 CN11-3474/P
Published bimonthly started in 1979
活断层的定义与分类——历史、现状和进展
  
关键词:active fault  neotectonics  capable tectonic source  earthquake recurrence interval  seismic hazard assessment
基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(编号: 41571013);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(编号: DD20160268; DD20190396)
作者单位E-mail
吴中海 活动构造与地壳稳定性评价重点实验室, 中国地质科学院地质力学研究所 wzhh4488@sina.com; wuzhonghai@geomech.ac.cn 
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摘要:
The Definition and Classification of Active Faults:History, Current Status and Progress
      Active fault is generally defined as a fault that is expected to cause sub-surface deformation or destructive earthquakes (M≥5.0 shallow earthquakes) in the future, and is treated as the main hazard source of destructive earthquakes and related potential hazard effects. The presence of active faults means unavoidable disaster risk for urban development and important infrastructure construction along the fault zones. China is one of the countries with a large number of active faults and is particularly affected by related disasters in the world. How to scientifically evaluate the risk of active faults and effectively mitigate the related disaster risks is bound to be a major issue in China's long-term economic and social development. The definition and classification of active faults is an important basis for evaluating the hazard risk of active faults. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the history, status and progress of the definition and classification of active faults, this paper summarizes the definition and classification schemes of active faults used in representative countries and regions as well as in some relevant standards, active fault mapping, construction of spatial database and some other fields. The comprehensive comparison results show that the reasonable adopting of definition and classification of active faults must take into account the current tectonic dynamic background, existing technical means and geological operability, application purpose and social acceptability of active faults risk in a specific area. The key parameters are the past activity time limit and the potential seismogenic ability in definition of active faults. The former usually involves five different time scales, i.e., Neotectonic, Quaternary, Late Q0uaternary, Holocene and historical process, whereas the latter generally includes three classes, namely, M≥5.0 destructive earthquakes, M≥6.0 strong earthquake and M≥6.5 which may produce the surface displacement or deformation. The definition of active faults using short time scale, such as late Quaternary and Holocene, is usually suitable for the plate boundary zone where tectonic activity is strong, but it is preferable that active faults are defined as long time scale of Quaternary and neotectonics in the intraplate deformation region and stable continental region, or a large region that contains many different active tectonic domains. The magnitude standard of M≥5.0 earthquakes is generally applicable to regional earthquake prevention and disaster reduction in many countries or regions, but the M≥6.5 earthquakes generally is used as the standard in the rules or regulations of active fault avoidance.The most common active fault classification schemes in many countries or regions are based on the degree or frequency of activities of fault, which mainly are reflected by the two quantitative parameters of fault slip rate and earthquake recurrence interval as well as by activity epochs. However, when determining the specific quantitative parameters of different active levels of faults, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the differences of activity degrees and epochs of faults in the study region as well as the amount and validity of existing data so as to achieve the purpose of classifying different active levels of faults effectively. In addition, the degree of activity and hazard of active faults are often involved in the risk assessment of the active fault. The former reflects the fault activity state in the past, and involves some quantitative parameters including the latest activity time, the average slip rate and the earthquake recurrence interval of active faults. The potential risk of active fault is aimed at the disaster that the active faulting may cause and its degree of risk in the coming period that the human society is concerned with or in the project life period. The risk needs to be evaluated on the basis of determining the degree of activity of faults; the position, size of the magnitude, the distribution of the surface rupture or deformation zone of the future strong earthquake, and the types and distribution of geological hazards that may be caused by the strong earthquake should be further clarified. Therefore, the reasonable distinguishing of the risk degree of active faults is a more practical basis for effective reduction, control or management of active fault disaster risk by government management and construction departments of the infrastructure construction project. At present, many typical countries and regions affected by the active faulting and related hazards have attached great importance to the planned and nationwide active fault surveying, and the comprehensive compilation of updated and publicly shared national active fault maps and spatial databases have been generally considered as important basic geological work and effective measures to cope with the long-term active fault disaster risk as well as the most important way to serve the social security. The authors hold that the active fault avoidance regulations made by the western continental states of the United States and New Zealand are worthy of reference by China or similar countries or regions which have a large number of active faults and prominent related disaster problems with the purpose of effective mitigation of the risk of active faulting in urban planning and important infrastructure construction.
WU Zhong-hai.2019.The Definition and Classification of Active Faults:History, Current Status and Progress[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,40(5):661-697.
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