| 岩溶动力学的理论探索与实践 |
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| 关键词:modern karstology earth system sciences karst dynamics theory global correlation |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(编号:40672165); IGCP513“全球岩溶含水层和水资源研究”项目 |
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| Karst Dynamics Theory in China and its Practice |
| IGCP-513 "Karst Aquifers and Water Resources"(2005-2009) is a karst-related IGCP project that continues the trend of international karst geology research. Since 1990,three karst-related IGCP Projects(IGCP 299,IGCP 379 and IGCP 448) have been implemented successively with Prof.Yuan Daoxian from the Institute of Karst Geology,CAGS,as Leader of the International Working Group.All these four projects have provided opportunities for karst research communities worldwide to study together and solve resources and environment problems in the fields of karst formation,carbon cycle,karst ecology and water resources.Earth System Science has been introduced into the study of modern karstology,and Karst Dynamics Theory has been established,thus improving the development of karst science.The achievements of these projects have laid a solid foundation for the establishment of the International Research Centre on Karst(IRCK) under the auspice of UNESCO in Guilin,China.From this point,this paper presents a review of the development of Karst Dynamics Theory in China during the past couple of decades.The major scientific achievements are summarized,and the perspectives of their practical utilization are illustrated.The importance of Earth System Sciences and Global View in the development of modern karstology in China is emphasized.The history of the development of Karst Dynamics Theory in China can be traced back to 20 years ago in the study of karst geochemistry,in which a series of field portable facilities were used to reveal the behaviors of Karst Dynamics System as well as the directions(dissolution or deposition) and intensity of karst processes,thus providing the methodological background for the development of the Karst Dynamics Theory.The Karst Dynamics Theory is defined as the discipline for studying structures,behaviors,functions and types of the karst dynamics system(KDS) in the world.The KDS is the karst system of material,the energy transfer in the forms of carbon cycling,water cycling,calcium and other element cycling on the interfaces between lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere and biosphere.Consequently,the major functions of KDS are: ①the forcing of the formation of karst;②the regulation of the greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and environment acidification;③the promotion of the migration or deposition of elements,thus forming mineral deposits and bringing about impacts on human life;④to record the processes of climate and environmental changes.As the KDS is influenced by geological,hydrological,climatic and biological processes,there are different types of KDS in the world.The idea of Karst Feature Complex(KFC) is an important part of the Karst Dynamics Theory.The KFC is defined as a group of karst features which include macroscopic and microscopic forms,surface and subterranean forms,and dissolution forms as well as depositional forms developed under similar environments.The idea of KFC helps karst researchers avoid the confusion of isomorphism,thus benefiting the global karst comparison and the smooth running of IGCP299.Through years of monitoring on dozens of typical karst dynamic system sites both in China and abroad,the differences in the behaviors of different types of KDS as well as their relationships with rainfall,especially thunderstorm events,vegetation,and soil condition were revealed.The largest carbon reservoir(carbonate rock mass) obviously remains active in global carbon cycle, the data from the site automatic records indicate that KDS is highly sensitive to environmental change,and the response time scale may be hours or even minutes.Continuous site observation shows that the seasonal and diurnal hydrochemical variations tend to co-vary with thunderstorm events.Hydrogeochemical sampling strategies for epikarst springs in karst areas with monsoon climate like southwest China should be redesigned,and continuous hydrogeochemical observation is needed for accurate evaluation of karstification intensity and carbon cycle.It is also found that the consideration of only water-rock interaction is not sufficient for understanding the hydrochemical variation in karst systems,that the variable effects of CO2 on the system should be evaluated,and that the consideration of water-rock-gas interaction as a whole is thus a must in understanding the regularity of the spatial and temporal variations in KDS.Taking the advantage of the CO2 involvement in karst processes,the Karst Dynamics Theory contributes to the global change study in 2 ways: ①Concerning the carbon sink or carbon source of the atmospheric CO2 through the karst process,it is estimated that about 17.74×106 t of carbon is removed by dissolution of carbonate rocks from the atmosphere in the karst regions of China,whereas the amount from the atmosphere in global karst regions is 6.08×108 t,i.e.,about 1/3 of the missing carbon sink.On the 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18O/16O values 129.3 ± 0.9 thousand years ago and ending at an abrupt(less than 300 years) rise in 18O/16O values 119.6 ± 0.6 thousand years ago.The start coincides with insolation rise and measurements of full interglacial conditions,indicating that insolation triggered the final rise to full interglacial conditions.The paleoclimate environment evolution since 2300 years ago in Libo,China,was reconstructed by lots of paleoclimatological records of stalagmite.Many cold Heinrich events H1-H5 since the last glacial stage and abrupt events such as Younger Dry events are clearly recorded by stalagmites of south China.The Karst Dynamics Theory has been applied to the sustainable development of karst regions in China,especially to the rehabilitation of the rock desertification areas in southwest China which covers about 100000 km2 with a population of about 30 millions.Because of the leakage of water resources,the shortage of soil,and the alkaline background of carbonate rocks,the karst ecosystems are characterized by petrophile,xerophile,and calc |
| YUAN Dao-xian,ZHANG Cheng.2008.Karst Dynamics Theory in China and its Practice[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,29(3):355-365. |
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