| 地质力学、深部地质、科学钻探三项工程揭开了中国地学史上研究的新篇章——庆祝中国地质科学院成立50周年 |
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| 引用本文：赵文津.2006.地质力学、深部地质、科学钻探三项工程揭开了中国地学史上研究的新篇章——庆祝中国地质科学院成立50周年[J].地球学报,27(5):385-392. |
| DOI：10.3975/cagsb.2006.05.01 |
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| 中文摘要:提出中国地质科学院成长历程中的三件大事:发展了李四光创建的地质力学;推进了中国青藏高原多学科的深部地质调查研究;完成了我国第一口科学深钻井,开拓了我国的科学钻探事业。这是我国地质工作历史上具有里程碑意义的大事件。①地质力学。李四光开创的新学科,将力学原理(运动学、材料力学和动力学)和研究方法用到地壳变形构造及地壳运动的起因和演化研究中,创立和发展了地质力学这一门新的学科,并正式出版了《地质力学之基础与方法》(李四光,1945)。李四光说:“地质力学之意义,在从地表岩体所经过各种变形或破坏之方式,根据力学原则,探求各地域地壳内发生运动之原因(作者注:即动力学的机制问题)。”他肯定了地壳大规模水平运动的存在,并提出这些运动的起因是地球自转速度变化的设想;提出要探究运动的起因和力的作用问题,为此提出要研究各种物质中应变与应力的关系,岩石的力学性质,包括岩石的强度、刚性及其随时间和在不同温度压力应力条件下的变化规律等;提出构造变形构成体系,并深入研究了构造体系问题。这是它与传统地质学派根本意义上的不同。1956年地质矿产部专门成立了地质力学研究所,大大推动了这一学科的发展。多年实践证明其在解决资源环境问题的强大生命力,他的学术思想完全是现代化和超前的;②开展了高水平的深部地质调查。地表地质构造和地下深部地质构造不同,而矿产资源与地震都发生在深部。为深化对我国区域地质的认识,原地质矿产部从1980年中法合作进行喜马拉雅地壳与上地幔研究开始,于1985年开展了喜马拉雅山亚东—青海格尔木—内蒙鄂济纳旗南北横穿青藏高原的地学大断面研究,1992年又开展了中、美、德、加四国合作的青藏高原深剖面研究(INDEPTH),以及中法第二次、第三次地学合作研究,这些工作一直持续到今天。特别是INDEPTH项目是以深反射地震、广角地震及天然地震阵列综合地震方法为主,加上深、浅两种大地电磁法及重力、磁测、构造地质与地球化学等综合方法多学科合作,取得了很多重要的地质成果。创造了一种工作样板,引起国际地学界的嘱目;③实现了中国科学第一钻。除对构造复杂地区地球物理探测结果进行校核外,还对深部地质构造和生物赋存情况有了许多重要的新发现,对大别山榴辉岩层折返机制提出了新的证明。以此为契机,中国又开始了第二个、第三个科学钻探工作,深化了对我国矿产资源和环境问题的认识,带动了我国钻探技术的发展。 |
| 中文关键词:中国地质科学院 地质力学 深部地质 科学钻探 |
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| Three Important Research Projects:Geomechanics, Deep Geology and Scientific Drilling opened a New Chapter in the Geoscience History of China——Celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences |
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| Abstract:Three important events are worth mentioning in the course of growth of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, i.e., the development of the geomechanics created by Li Siguang, the advance of the multi_discipline deep geological investigation and research in the Qinghai—Tibet plateau of China, and the completion of the first scientific drill hole, which has opened up the scientific drilling course in China. These are all important events with milestone significance in the history of geological work in China.①Geomechanics. Applying the principles and research methods of mechanics (kinesiology, matecial mechanics and dynamics) to the study of the origin and evolution of the crustal deformation structure and crustal movement, Li Siguang created and developed a new discipline-geomechanics, and published in 1945 the book 《The Foundation and Method of Geomechanics》. Li Siguang said: “The significance of geomechanics lies in searching for the cause of the movement that takes place in the crust of various regions from the forms of various deformations and destructions the rock bodies at surface have experienced and on the basis of mechanic principle (The author of this paper holds that this is a problem of the mechanism of dynamics)". He confirmed the existence of the large_scale horizontal crustal movements, and put forward the idea that these movements originate from the variation of the rotation of the earth. Aimed at searching for the origin of the movement and the role of the power, he suggested studying the relationship between strain and stress in various materials and the mechanic properties of rocks, which included the strength and rigidity of rocks and the variation regularity of rocks under the conditions of different temperatures, pressures and stresses. He put forward the constitution system of tectonic deformation, and made a thorough study of the tectonic system. These characteristics made the geomechanics completely different from the traditional geological thought. The establishment of the Institute of Geomechanics in 1956 greatly accelerated the development of this discipline. Years of practices have proved the great vitality of geomechanics, and its academic thought is in the forefront position; ②The performance of high_level deep geological investigation. The surface geological structure is different from the geological structure at depth, and mineral resources and earthquakes all occur in the depth. Aimed at deepening the understanding of regional geology of China, the former Ministry of Geology started in 1980 the study of the Himalayan crust and the upper mantle in cooperation with French geologists. In 1985, geologists began to conduct the study of the geotraverse from Yadong of the Himalayan Mountain through Golmud of Qinghai to Ejin Banner in Inner Mongolia, which passed through the Qinghai—Tibet plateau in north_south direction. Since 1992, geologists from China, the USA, Germany and Canada have carried out deep profile research (INPEPTH) in the Qinghai—Tibet plateau, and geologists from China and France have performed the second and the third geoscience cooperation. All these researches are still going on today. With the integrated deep reflection seismic exploration, wide_angle seismic exploration and natural seismic array as the main means, the INDEPTH project, combined with such multi_discipline techniques as deep and shallow magnetotelluric prospecting, magnetic survey, tectonic geology and geochemistry, has made lots of important geological achievements. This project has created a working model and attracted geologists' attention all over the world; ③The implementation of the first scientific drill hole in China. In addition to checking and verifying geophysical data obtained in structurally complex areas, the drilling has made many new discoveries concerning the existing conditions of creatures, and provided new evidence for the exhumation mechanism of the eclogite bed in the Dabie Mountain. On such a basis, China has begun the second and the third scientific drilling work so as to further deepening the understanding of the conditions of mineral resources and environment in China. The scientific deep drilling work itself has promoted the research and development of the drilling technology in China. |
| keywords:Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences geomechanics deep geology scientific drilling |
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